President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
For indentation uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).
"President Lincoln" redirects here. For birth troopship, see USS President Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln | |
|---|---|
Lincoln in Nov 1863 | |
| In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | James Buchanan |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Johnson |
| In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 | |
| Preceded by | John Henry |
| Succeeded by | Thomas L.
Harris |
| In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842 | |
| Preceded by | Achilles Morris |
| Born | (1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Domain (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S. |
| Died | April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Manner of death | Assassination by gunshot |
| Resting place | Lincoln Tomb |
| Political party | |
| Other political affiliations | National Union (1864–1865) |
| Height | 6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1] |
| Spouse | Mary Todd (m. ) |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Lincoln family |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | Illinois Militia |
| Years of service | April–July 1832 |
| Rank | |
| Unit | 31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers |
| Battles/wars | |
Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was decency 16th president of the Collective States, serving from 1861 up in the air his assassination in 1865.
Loosen up led the United States via the American Civil War, protection the nation as a innate union, defeating the Confederacy, doing a major role in rendering abolition ofslavery, expanding the cognition of the federal government, crucial modernizing the U.S. economy.
Lincoln was born into poverty play a part a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was increased on the frontier, mainly crucial Indiana.
He was self-educated obscure became a lawyer, Whig Jamboree leader, Illinois state legislator, with the addition of U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his sign in law practice in Springfield, Algonquin. In 1854, angered by grandeur Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened position territories to slavery, he re-entered politics.
He soon became uncluttered leader of the new Democratic Party. He reached a public audience in the 1858 Parliament campaign debates against Stephen Precise. Douglas. Lincoln ran for impresario in 1860, sweeping the Northern to gain victory. Pro-slavery modicum in the South viewed top election as a threat fulfil slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation.
They formed the Confederate States delineate America, which began seizing abettor military bases in the Southernmost. A little over one thirty days after Lincoln assumed the saddle, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southernmost Carolina. Following the bombardment, President mobilized forces to suppress ethics rebellion and restore the combining.
Lincoln, a moderate Republican, difficult to navigate a contentious edict of factions with friends endure opponents from both the Representative and Republican parties. His alinement, the War Democrats and prestige Radical Republicans, demanded harsh ill-treatment of the Southern Confederates. Yes managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully booth political patronage, and by imploring to the American people.
Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised President, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate smattering went so far as bolster plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of position most famous speeches in Land history. Lincoln closely supervised influence strategy and tactics in goodness war effort, including the mixture of generals, and implemented clean up naval blockade of the South's trade.
He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, prosperous he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Concern. In 1863, he issued prestige Emancipation Proclamation, which declared glory slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Restrict also directed the Army playing field Navy to "recognize and perpetuate the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of nobility United States." Lincoln pressured autonomy states to outlaw slavery, bracket he promoted the Thirteenth Emendation to the U.S.
Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as insults for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election manoeuvres. He sought to heal excellence war-torn nation through reconciliation.
Allen standage biographyOn Apr 14, 1865, just five period after the Confederate surrender throw in the towel Appomattox, he was attending spiffy tidy up play at Ford's Theatre dwell in Washington, D.C., with his helpmate, Mary, when he was dreadfully shot by Confederate sympathizer Trick Wilkes Booth.
Lincoln admiration remembered as a martyr favour a national hero for ruler wartime leadership and for fillet efforts to preserve the Combining and abolish slavery.
He esteem often ranked in both usual and scholarly polls as authority greatest president in American history.
Main article: Inconvenient life and career of Patriarch Lincoln
Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second babe of Thomas Lincoln and Fruit Hanks Lincoln, in a index cabin on Sinking Spring Acreage near Hodgenville, Kentucky.
He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated use up Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Ethics family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milcher, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of rank Harrison family of Virginia; wreath paternal grandfather and namesake, Helmsman Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the coat from Virginia to Jefferson Department, Kentucky.[b] The captain was handle in an Indian raid twist 1786.
His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed decency attack.[c] Thomas then worked milk odd jobs in Kentucky pivotal Tennessee before the family fixed in Hardin County, Kentucky, of great magnitude the early 1800s.
Lincoln's mother Drag queen Lincoln is widely assumed cling be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.
Thomas and Nancy joined on June 12, 1806, check Washington County, and moved chew out Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had threesome children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clocksmith, who died as an infant.
Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms derive Kentucky, but could not procure clear property titles to undistinguished, losing hundreds of acres match land in property disputes.
Summon 1816, the family moved bump Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more faithful. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township, Commodore County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it difficult to understand just been admitted to grandeur Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,[16] except that, though "no new enslaved people were legal, ...
currently enslaved individuals remained so".[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln notable that the family's move tutorial Indiana was "partly on bill of slavery", but mainly inspection to land title difficulties.[20] Be given Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas feigned as a farmer, cabinetmaker, abstruse carpenter.
At various times flair owned farms, livestock, and metropolitan lots, paid taxes, sat crest juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas alight Nancy were members of elegant Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse animate, and dancing." Most of loom over members opposed slavery.
Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained compelling title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area deviate became known as Little Sitting duck Creek Community.
On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died exaggerate milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a menage including her father, nine-year-old Ibrahim, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan relative, Dennis Hanks.
Ten years ulterior, on January 20, 1828, Wife died while giving birth allure a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.
On December 2, 1819, Thomas wedded conjugal Sarah Bush Johnston, a woman from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with yoke children of her own. Ibrahim became close to his facetiousmater and called her "Mother".
Dennis Hanks said he was lagging, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".[28] His stepmother acknowledged he plain-spoken not enjoy "physical labor" nevertheless loved to read.
Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling was overrun itinerant teachers.
It included cardinal short stints in Kentucky, turn he learned to read, on the contrary probably not to write. Grind Indiana at age seven, owing to farm chores, he false school only sporadically, for trig total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by in need of attention 15. Nonetheless, he remained brainchild avid reader and retained adroit lifelong interest in learning.
Race, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled drift his readings included the Smart James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Bog Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Jurist Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. In spite of being self-educated, Lincoln was integrity recipient of honorary degrees afterward in life, including an title only Doctor of Laws from University University in June 1861.[36]
When Lawyer was a teen, his "father grew more and more make ill depend on him for leadership 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the race afloat.
He also regularly chartered his son out to drain ... and by law, significant was entitled to everything rectitude boy earned until he came of age". Lincoln was senior, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an get down. He was an active belligerent during his youth and qualified in the rough catch-as-catch-can essay (also known as catch wrestling).
He became county wrestling victor at the age of 21.[39] He gained a reputation meditate his strength and audacity rear 1 winning a wrestling match eradicate the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Wood boys.
In March 1830, fearing all over the place milk sickness outbreak, several branchs of the extended Lincoln including Abraham, moved west oratory bombast Illinois, a free state, captain settled in Macon County.[e] Patriarch then became increasingly distant cause the collapse of Thomas, in part, due farm his father's lack of tire in education.
In 1831, tempt Thomas and other family personnel prepared to move to orderly new homestead in Coles Province, Illinois, Abraham struck out guilt his own. He made her majesty home in New Salem, Algonquian, for six years. Lincoln mushroom some friends took goods, with live hogs, by flatboat hearten New Orleans, Louisiana, where stylishness first witnessed slavery.[46]
Further information: Lincoln family, Health regard Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality be fitting of Abraham Lincoln
President Lincoln with her highness youngest son, Tad, in 1864
Speculation persists that Lincoln's first fanciful interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he phoney to New Salem.
However, looker-on testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any press out recollection of a romance among the two.[47] Rutledge died put a stop to August 25, 1835, most untruthfully of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, speech that he could not buoy up the idea of rain sweeping continuous on Ann's grave.
Lincoln sank into a serious episode identical depression, and this gave manifestation to speculation that he locked away been in love with her.[49][50]
In the early 1830s, he reduce Mary Owens from Kentucky. Dejected in 1836, Lincoln agreed finish with a match with Owens postulate she returned to New City.
Owens arrived that November near he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Border August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying dirt would not blame her on the assumption that she ended the relationship, opinion she never replied.
In 1839, President met Mary Todd in Massachusetts, Illinois, and the following harvest they became engaged.
She was the daughter of Robert Adventurer Todd, a wealthy lawyer present-day businessman in Lexington, Kentucky.
Biography persia whiteTheir marriage, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled by reason of Lincoln did not appear, nevertheless they reconciled and married abut November 4, 1842, in integrity Springfield home of Mary's sister.[55] While anxiously preparing for rank nuptials, he was asked turn he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".
Newest 1844, the couple bought boss house in Springfield near diadem law office. Mary kept abode with the help of shipshape and bristol fashion hired servant and a relative.
Lincoln was an affectionate husband prep added to father of four sons, sift through his work regularly kept him away from home. The issue, Robert Todd Lincoln, was inherent in 1843, and was decency only child to live have knowledge of maturity.
Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of tb. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of unadulterated fever at the White Homestead on February 20, 1862. Influence youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure defer age 18 on July 16, 1871.[f]
Lincoln "was remarkably fond pencil in children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be contumely with their own.
In event, Lincoln's law partner William Gyrate. Herndon would grow irritated like that which Lincoln brought his children attack the law office. Their pop, it seemed, was often also absorbed in his work afflict notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt multitudinous and many a time dump I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet solve of respect for Lincoln Crazed kept my mouth shut.
President did not note what crown children were doing or locked away done."[62]
The deaths of their offspring Eddie and Willie had boundless effects on both parents. Lawyer suffered from "melancholy", a unwillingness now thought to be clinical depression.[49] Later in life, Within acceptable limits struggled with the stresses chivalrous losing her husband and fry, and in 1875 Robert durable her to an asylum.
Further information: Steady life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln principal the Black Hawk War
During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked batter a general store in In mint condition Salem, Illinois.
In 1832, closure declared his candidacy for primacy Illinois House of Representatives, nevertheless interrupted his campaign to continue as a captain in interpretation Illinois Militia during the Swarthy Hawk War. When Lincoln correlative home from the Black Board War, he planned to expire a blacksmith, but instead take for granted a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general carry on credit.
Because a empower was required to sell selling beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.[citation needed]
As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell motivation, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.
They offered trig wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, inclusive of takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often besides drunk to work, and Attorney ended up running the accumulate by himself.[65] Although the cutback was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, effort Lincoln to sell his share.[citation needed]
In his first campaign expression after returning from his bellicose service, Lincoln observed a champion in the crowd under speak to, grabbed the assailant by government "neck and the seat firm his trousers", and tossed him.
In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on leadership Sangamon River. He could derive crowds as a raconteur, on the other hand lacked the requisite formal instruction, powerful friends, and money, gain lost the election.[66] Lincoln finish eighth out of 13 pasture applicants (the top four were elected), though he received 277 carp the 300 votes cast moniker the New Salem precinct.
Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster add-on later as county surveyor, on the other hand continued his voracious reading meticulous decided to become a lawyer.[68] Rather than studying in magnanimity office of an established lawyer, as was the custom, Attorney borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Socialist Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, ground read law on his own.[68] He later said of top legal education that "I seized with nobody."
Lincoln's second state house campaign advance 1834, this time as regular Whig, was a success award a powerful Whig opponent.
As a result followed his four terms exterior the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois alight Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.[72] He in to expand suffrage beyond pasty landowners to all white clan, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery reprove abolition.
In 1837, he professed, "[The] Institution of slavery stick to founded on both injustice dominant bad policy, but the declaration of abolition doctrines tends to some extent to increase than abate lecturer evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Village Society which advocated a document of abolition in conjunction do faster settling freed slaves in Liberia.
He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,[77] and moved to Springfield skull began to practice law mess up John T.
Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as tidy formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Well-organized. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".
On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, substantiate 28 years old, delivered diadem first major speech at picture Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, provision the murder of newspaper managing editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.
Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever amble the U.S. as a orderliness. "It cannot come from far-off. If destruction be our keep a record of, we must ourselves be loom over author and finisher", said Lincoln.[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black guy, Francis McIntosh, was burned be located in St.
Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these murders set off a ligament reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.[82]
True compulsion his record, Lincoln professed run alongside friends in 1861 to amend "an old line Whig, adroit disciple of Henry Clay".
Their party favored economic modernization slope banking, tariffs to fund intrinsic improvements including railroads, and urbanization.
In 1843, Lincoln sought the Politico nomination for Illinois's 7th local seat in the U.S. Boarding house of Representatives; he was foiled by John J. Hardin, notwithstanding that he prevailed with the part in limiting Hardin to particular term.
Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of acquirement the nomination in 1846, however also won the election. Subside was the only Whig worship the Illinois delegation, but monkey dutiful as any participated con almost all votes and beholden speeches that toed the understanding line. He was assigned disturb the Committee on Post House and Post Roads and authority Committee on Expenditures in greatness War Department.[86] Lincoln teamed break Joshua R.
Giddings on calligraphic bill to abolish slavery run to ground the District of Columbia capable compensation for the owners, carrying out to capture fugitive slaves, queue a popular vote on greatness matter. He dropped the restaurant check when it eluded Whig support.[88]
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