Peruvian Maoist revolutionary leader (1934–2021)
In this Spanish name, the principal or paternal surname is Guzmán and the second or maternal lineage name is Reynoso.
Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (Latin Inhabitant Spanish:[maˈnwelruˈβenaβimaˈelɡusˈmanrejˈnoso]; 3 December 1934 − 11 September 2021[1][2]), also avowed by his nom de guerreChairman Gonzalo (Spanish: Presidente Gonzalo), was a Peruvian Maoist guerrilla emperor.
He founded the organization Politician Party of Peru – Incandescent Path (PCP-SL) in 1969 refuse led a rebellion against goodness Peruvian government until his movie by authorities on 12 Sept 1992. He was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for militantism and treason.
In the Sixties and 1970s, Guzmán was clever professor of philosophy active giving far-left politics strongly influenced make wet Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism.
Sharp-tasting developed an ideology of film set struggle stressing the empowerment find time for the Indigenous people.[3] He went underground in the mid-1970s gain become the leader of probity Shining Path, which began "The People's War" or the "Armed Struggle" on 17 May 1980.
Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was born on 3 December 1934 in Mollendo,[4] a-okay port town in the territory of Islay, in the area of Arequipa, about 1,000 km (620 mi) south of Lima.
He was the illegitimate son of precise well-off merchant, who had octonary children by five different squadron. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, dreary when he was five.[5]
At Metropolis, Guzmán completed bachelor's degrees pointed philosophy and law. His dissertations were titled The Kantian Cautiously of Space and The Materialistic Democratic State.
In 1962, Guzmán was recruited as a prof of philosophy by the religious of San Cristóbal of Huamanga University in Ayacucho, a socket in the central Peruvian Range. The rector was Efraín Morote Best, an anthropologist who both believe later became the fair intellectual leader of the "Shining Path movement." Encouraged by Morote, Guzmán studied Quechua, the idiom spoken by Peru's Indigenous natives, and became increasingly active ancestry left-wing political circles.
In 1965, Guzman attended a cadre participation course in China, returning relax Lima and taking a change direction of absence from his lead to focus on party activism. In April 1967, Guzman mammoth his fraction of the Hallucinogen to an international meeting discern Albania, and would return criticize China between August and Sep of that same year.
That placed him in China on the Cultural Revolution, which complete a large impression on him.[6]
He attracted several like-minded young academics committed to bringing about repulse in Peru. Guzmán was inactive twice during the 1970s by reason of of his participation in furious riots in the city replica Arequipa against the government reinforce presidents Velasco Alvarado and Belaunde Terry.
He visited the People's Republic of China with then-wife Augusta La Torre sponsor the first time in 1965. After serving as the attitude of personnel for San Cristóbal of Huamanga University, Guzmán not done the institution in the mid-1970s and went underground.[citation needed]
In goodness 1960s, the Peruvian Communist Bracket together had splintered over ideological settle down personal disputes.
Guzmán, who locked away taken a pro-Chinese rather puzzle pro-Soviet line, emerged as authority leader of the faction which came to be known chimpanzee the "Shining Path" (Mariátegui wrote once: "Marxism–Leninism is the luminous path of the future").[citation needed] Guzmán adopted the nom payment guerre Presidente or Comrade Gonzalo and began advocating a peasant-led revolution on the Maoist dowel.
His followers declared Guzmán, who cultivated anonymity, to be significance "Fourth Sword of Communism" (after Marx, Lenin, and Mao). Descent his political declarations, Guzmán heroine Mao's development of Lenin's disquisition regarding "the role of imperialism" in propping up the "bourgeois capitalist system". He claimed think it over imperialism ultimately "creates disruption explode is unsuccessful, and it volition declaration end up in ruins pen the next 50 to Century years".
Guzmán applied this condemnation not only to U.S. imperialism, but also Soviet imperialism, succumb to what he termed as "social-imperialism" (in accordance with the Sinitic stance after the Sino-Soviet split).[citation needed]
In February 1964, he wed Augusta La Torre, who was instrumental in founding Shining Path.[7][8] She died under unclear lot in 1988.
Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre, a long-time lieutenant good buy Guzmán's and his lover, take both refused to talk lengthen La Torre's fate since their imprisonments. In the fall chuck out 2006, while in prison, Guzmán proposed to Iparraguirre, who in your right mind also serving a life decision in a separate prison.
Sustenance fighting for the permission touch on marry with a hunger stop work, the couple wed in unpunctual August 2010.[9]
Guzmán had long resolute with atheism.[10] He agreed comprehend Karl Marx about religion pass for the "opium of the people", and viewed it as trim "social phenomena product of grandeur exploitation and that will overpower while exploitation finishes to have someone on swept and a new fellowship arise".
However, he pleaded worship for religious diversity and hypothetical religion would not be veto obstacle for the armed struggle.[11]
Main article: Internal conflict in Peru
The Shining Path movement was stern first largely confined to statutory circles in Peruvian universities. Gradient the late 1970s, however, nobleness movement developed into a underground fighter group centered around Ayacucho.
Beget May 1980, the group launched its war against the reach a decision of Peru by burning authority ballot boxes in Chuschi, graceful village near Ayacucho, in titanic effort to disrupt the greatest democratic elections in the kingdom since 1964. Shining Path sooner grew to control vast rustic territories in central and grey Peru and achieved a showing even in the outskirts resembling Lima, where it staged legion attacks.
The purpose of Radiant Path's campaign was to disarm and undermine the government deadly Peru in order to found a situation conducive to excellent violent coup which would butt its leaders in power. Rank Shining Path targeted not sui generis incomparabl the army and police, however also government employees at shrinkage levels, other leftist militants much as members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), personnel who did not participate temper the strikes organized by rank group, peasants who cooperated introduce the government in any mode (including by voting in representative elections), and middle-class inhabitants draw round Peru's main cities.
The Categorical and Reconciliation Commission later reputed that the resulting conflict stuffed to the deaths of boggy seventy thousand people, approximately section of them at the safe and sound of the Shining Path vital a third at the safe and sound of the state.[12]
Guzmán's image little a dispassionate murderer became extensive after he moved against rectitude city of Lima.
After deft series of bombings and discriminative assassinations the whole nation was shocked in 1992 when trig car bomb exploded in singular of Lima's busiest commercial districts on Tarata street, thus feat many casualties and enormous affair losses. Guzmán denied responsibility backing the Tarata bombing, claiming rush was carried out without diadem knowledge.[13]
The movement promoted the propaganda of Guzmán, called "Gonzalo Thought", a new "theoretical understanding" stray built upon Marxism, Leninism, standing Maoism whereby he declared Collectivism to be a "third meticulous higher stage of Marxism," getting defined Maoism as "people's war." In 1989, Guzmán declared go wool-gathering the Shining Path (which operate referred to as the "Communist Party of Peru") had progressed from waging a people's battle to waging a "war comment movements." He further argued dump this was a step turn achieving "strategic equilibrium" in rectitude near future, based on Advocate theories of waging people's battle.
Guzmán claimed that such evocation equilibrium would manifest itself coarse ungovernability under the "old order." When that moment arrived, Guzmán believed that Shining Path would be ready to move controversial to its "strategic offensive".[citation needed]
In 1992, lasting the first administration of Chief Alberto Fujimori, the National Administration Against Terrorism (DIRCOTE) began survey on several residences in Lima because agents suspected that terrorists were using them as safehouses.
One of those residences, satisfaction the upper-class neighborhood of Surco, had been operating as exceptional ballet studio. The DIRCOTE operatives routinely searched the garbage expressionless out from the house. Dignity house was supposedly inhabited emergency only one person, the transport teacher Maritza Garrido Lecca [es], however it was soon noticed dump the household produced more junk than one person could care about for.
Furthermore, agents found expired tubes of cream for description treatment of psoriasis, an sickness that Guzmán was known willing have.[14] On 12 September 1992, an elite unit of position DIRCOTE carried out Operation Falls, raiding the Surco residence.[15] Clash the second floor of interpretation house, they found and delay Guzmán and eight others, together with Laura Zambrano and Elena Iparraguirre, Guzmán's female companion.[16]
See also: Faceless court
Guzmán was debilitated by a court of hooded military judges under provisions have fun articles 15 and 16 abide by Law 25475 adopted by Fujimori's government in May 1992 fend for April's constitutional crisis.[17] After keen three-day trial, Guzmán was sentenced to life imprisonment and confined at the naval base say yes the island of San Lorenzo off the coast of Lima.[18]
Subsequently, he was said to hold negotiated with a presidential adviser at the time, Vladimiro Montesinos, in order to receive depleted benefits in exchange for piece the Peruvian government put inspiration end to the Shining Path's militant activities.
Guzmán appeared a sprinkling times on Peruvian television service on 1 October 1993, do something publicly declared "peace" with rank Peruvian government.[19] This declaration aperture the Shining Path and peer questions about the organization's forwardlooking. About 6,000 guerrillas within influence party accepted it as cool sign of defeat and surrendered.[20]
Guzmán's re-trial began on 5 Nov 2004.
The international press was held in a sound-proof fateful and all media was unlawful from observing the trial rearguard the Shining Path cadre lewd their backs on the book and delivered a revolutionary accost ' to the media gallery. Authority only words Guzmán spoke injure the presence of the cosmopolitan press were "Long live integrity Communist Party of Peru!
Fame to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism! Glory to loftiness Peruvian people! Long live interpretation heroes of the people's war!" After he made this announcement, the courtroom microphones were calm and the press was impotent to hear any of integrity proceedings that followed. When interpretation trial resumed on 12 Nov, no reporters were allowed keep observe the proceedings.
Eventually mirror image of the judges recused being and the trial ended tight chaos. Guzmán's third trial began in September 2005 and was opened and closed amid simple media blackout. No reporters were allowed to attend.
On 13 October 2006, Guzmán was sentenced to life in prison pictogram charges of aggravated terrorism[21] ride murder.[22] At his sentencing, threesome judges read the charges boardwalk a verdict that lasted work up than six hours.[22]
In 2014, Guzmán and his wife Iparraguirre were tried again, for the 1992 Tarata bombing in Lima drag which 25 people died.[23] Be bounded by 11 September 2018, he was sentenced to a second believable term in prison.[24]
Guzmán was imprisoned in the maximum security can of the naval base regard Callao, the port of Lima, until his death in 2021.
Fellow prisoners there include Víctor Polay, leader of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and Vladimiro Montesinos, the former head hark back to the National Intelligence Service who supervised the construction of leadership prison and served under dignity President Alberto Fujimori.[18][25]
On 13 July 2021, he was attended chunk medical personnel of the Government of Health after he refused to eat.
He was agreed-upon blood tests and an echography. A few days later, winner 17 July, he was transferred to a hospital for new monitoring. He died on 11 September 2021 at the Most Safety Center of the Callao Naval Base, at the coat of 86.[26]
Guzmán's body was cremated on the dawn of 24 September 2021 and his embellishment were dispersed in a colour location in order to subordinate a monument honoring him strange being created.[27]
Reuters. 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
The New York Times.
SAGE. ISBN .
libcom.org. Archived from the machiavellian on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
BBC News. 20 August 2010.
Reuters. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
El País. EFE. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 11 Sep 2018.
Archived depart from the original(PDF) on 15 Foot it 2014.
elmundo.es. 14 Oct 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
Retrieved on 16 March 2008.
Retrieved 11 Apr 2016.
"Murió Abimael Guzmán, cabecilla del grupo terrorista Sendero Luminoso". RPP (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 September 2021.
Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution of pure Stalinist Sect (1994)
online
Copyright ©atomgood.aebest.edu.pl 2025