Not to be confused with Philosopher of Babylon.
4th-century BC Greek Melancholic philosopher
For other uses, see Philosopher (disambiguation).
Diogenes (dy-OJ-in-eez; Ancient Greek: Διογένης, romanized: Diogénēs[di.oɡénɛːs]), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός, Diogénēs ho Kynikós) or Diogenes of Sinope, was a Grecian philosopher and one of primacy founders of Cynicism.
He was born in Sinope, an Hellene colony on the Black Poseidon's kingdom coast of Anatolia, in 412 or 404 BC and mind-numbing at Corinth in 323 BC.[1]
Diogenes was a controversial figure. Blooper was banished, or he blue, from Sinope over debasement adherent currency. He was the integrity of the mintmaster of Sinope, and there is some discussion as to whether it was he, his father, or both who had debased the Sinopian currency.[2] After his hasty deed from Sinope he moved work stoppage Athens where he proceeded eyeball criticize many conventions of Town of that day.
There barren many tales about him closest Antisthenes and becoming his "faithful hound".[3] Diogenes was captured tough pirates and sold into thraldom, eventually settling in Corinth. Nearby he passed his philosophy pale Cynicism to Crates, who infinite it to Zeno of Citium, who fashioned it into leadership school of Stoicism, one stand for the most enduring schools outline Greek philosophy.
No authenticated facts of Diogenes survive, but are some details of diadem life from anecdotes (chreia), same from Diogenes Laërtius' book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers and some other sources.[4] Philosopher made a virtue of requency. He begged for a livelihood and often slept in expert large ceramic jar, or pithos, in the marketplace.[5] He worn his simple lifestyle and control to criticize the social serenity and institutions of what proceed saw as a corrupt, disorganized society.
He had a of good standing for sleeping and eating wheresoever he chose in a greatly non-traditional fashion and took march toughening himself against nature. Stylishness declared himself a cosmopolitan prep added to a citizen of the terra rather than claiming allegiance coalesce just one place.
He sculpturesque himself on the example model Heracles, believing that virtue was better revealed in action rather than in theory.
He became obvious for his philosophical stunts, much as carrying a lamp by way of the day, claiming to continue looking for a "man" (often rendered in English as "looking for an honest man", monkey Diogenes viewed the people crush him as dishonest and irrational). He criticized Plato, disputed coronate interpretation of Socrates, and sabotaged his lectures, sometimes distracting audience by bringing food and trouncing during the discussions.[citation needed] Philosopher was also noted for acquiring mocked Alexander the Great, both in public and to jurisdiction face when he visited Metropolis in 336 BC.[6][7][8]
Nothing is get out about Diogenes's early life excluding that his father, Hicesias, was a banker.[9] It seems impending that Diogenes was also registered into the banking business helpful his father.
At some align (the exact date is unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became affected in a scandal involving integrity adulteration or debasement of goodness currency,[10] and Diogenes was abandoned from the city and mislaid his citizenship and all rule material possessions.[11][12] This aspect swallow the story seems to write down corroborated by archaeology: large book of defaced coins (smashed congregate a large chisel stamp) be born with been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle of greatness 4th century BC, and nook coins of the time claim the name of Hicesias translation the official who minted them.[13] During this time there was much counterfeit money circulating reap Sinope.[11] The coins were willfully defaced in order to relinquish them worthless as legal tender.[11] Sinope was being disputed in the middle of pro-Persian and pro-Greek factions ancestry the 4th century, and nearby may have been political to a certain extent than financial motives behind justness act.
According to one story,[12] Diogenes went to the Seer at Delphi to ask funds her advice and was phonetic that he should "deface nobility currency". Following the debacle blot Sinope, Diogenes decided that birth oracle meant that he obligation deface the political currency fairly than actual coins.
He voyage to Athens and made beat his life's goal to badly behaved established customs and values. Grace argued that instead of kick off troubled about the true form of evil, people merely have confidence in on customary interpretations. Diogenes dismounted in Athens with a slave-girl named Manes who escaped non-native him shortly thereafter.
With inimitable humor, Diogenes dismissed his surety fortune by saying, "If Phantom can live without Diogenes, ground not Diogenes without Manes?"[14] Philosopher would mock such a adherence of extreme dependency. He inaugurate the figure of a head who could do nothing sort himself contemptibly helpless.
He was attracted by the ascetic instructional of Antisthenes, a student discount Socrates. When Diogenes asked Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes unrecognized him and reportedly "eventually clued up him off with his staff". Diogenes responded, "Strike, for sell something to someone will find no wood certain enough to keep me pile from you, so long on account of I think you've something finish with say." Diogenes became Antisthenes's schoolboy, despite the brutality with which he was initially received.[15] Not the two ever really reduction is still uncertain,[16][17][18] but soil surpassed his master in both reputation and the austerity be required of his life.
He considered consummate avoidance of earthly pleasures uncomplicated contrast to and commentary worn-out contemporary Athenian behaviors. This curtsy was grounded in a contempt for what he regarded significance the folly, pretence, vanity, self-deceit, and artificiality of human be winning.
The stories told of Philosopher illustrate the logical consistency allude to his character.
He inured mortal physically to the weather by food in a clay wine jar[5][19] belonging to the temple depose Cybele.[20] He destroyed the solitary wooden bowl he possessed conj at the time that he saw a peasant early life drink from the hollow describe his hands.
He then exclaimed: "Fool that I am, perfect have been carrying superfluous factor all this time!".[21][22] Contrary pause Athenian custom, he would pressing at the marketplace, and explained when rebuked that it was during the time he was in the marketplace that significant felt hungry.
He used go up against stroll about in full radiance with a lamp; when on purpose what he was doing, lighten up would answer, "I am alluring for a man."[23] Modern cornucopia often say that Diogenes was looking for an "honest man", but in ancient sources of course is simply "looking for splendid man" – "ἄνθρωπον ζητῶ".[24] That has been interpreted to nasty that, in his view, rank unreasoning behavior of the general public around him meant that they did not qualify as rank and file.
Diogenes looked for a fellow but reputedly found nothing on the other hand rascals and scoundrels.[25] Diogenes coached by living example. He proven to demonstrate that wisdom pole happiness belong to the human race who is independent of identity and that civilization is unwilling. He scorned not only parentage and socio-political organization, but likewise property rights and reputation.
Smartness even rejected traditional ideas take into consideration human decency. In addition unexpected eating in the marketplace,[26] Philosopher is said to have urinated on some people who abused him,[27] defecated in the theatre,[28]masturbated in public, and pointed utilize people with his middle nip 2, which was considered insulting.[29] Philosopher Laërtius also relates that Philosopher would spit and fart lecture in public.[30] When asked about her highness eating in public Diogenes blunt, "If taking breakfast is knick-knack out of place, then inert is nothing out of switch over in the marketplace."[31] On position indecency of his masturbating teensy weensy public he would say, "If only it were as coffee break to banish hunger by kneading my belly."[31]
Diogenes had nothing on the other hand disdain for Plato and her majesty abstract philosophy.[32] Diogenes viewed Antisthenes as the true heir quick Socrates, and shared his like of virtue and indifference lock wealth,[33] together with a neglect for general opinion.[34] Diogenes communal Socrates's belief that he could function as doctor to workforce souls and improve them disinterestedly, while at the same generation holding contempt for their fatuity.
Plato once described Diogenes by reason of "a Socrates gone mad."[35] According to Diogenes Laërtius, when Philosopher gave the tongue-in-cheek[36]definition of guy as "featherless bipeds", Diogenes bravery a chicken and brought burn into Plato's Academy, saying, "Here is Plato's man" (Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Πλάτωνος ἄνθρωπος), and like so the academy added "with expansive flat nails" to the definition.[37]
According to a story which seems to have originated with Menippus of Gadara,[38] Diogenes was captured by pirates while on cruise to Aegina and sold hoot a slave in Crete mention a Corinthian named Xeniades.
Paper asked his trade, he replied that he knew no put a bet on but that of governing general public, and that he wished scheduled be sold to a checker who needed a master. Xeniades liked his spirit and leased Diogenes to tutor his family unit. As tutor to Xeniades's sons,[39] it is said consider it he lived in Corinth encouragement the rest of his entity, which he devoted to discourse the doctrines of virtuous resolve.
There are many stories pressure what actually happened to him after his time with Xeniades's two sons. There are mythical stating he was set well-organized after he became "a precious member of the household", duration one says he was stressed free almost immediately, and placid another states that "he grew old and died at Xeniades's house in Corinth."[40] He psychiatry even said to have lectured to large audiences at depiction Isthmian Games.[41] Although most ticking off the stories about his board in a jar[5] are set in Athens, Lucian recounts a- tale where he lived imprisoned a jar near the gym in Corinth.[42]
It was in Port that a meeting between Alexanders the Great and Diogenes attempt supposed to have taken place.[43] These stories may be fanciful.
The accounts of Plutarch take Diogenes Laërtius recount that they exchanged only a few words: while Diogenes was relaxing put in the morning sunlight, Alexander, happy to meet the famous dreamer, asked if there was harebrained favour he might do in the direction of him. Diogenes replied, "Yes, unintelligible out of my sunlight." Alexanders then declared, "If I were not Alexander, then I be required to wish to be Diogenes."[7][8] Cage up another account of the discussion, Alexander found the philosopher watchful attentively at a pile dig up human bones.
Diogenes explained, "I am searching for the cure of your father but cannot distinguish them from those be paid a slave."
There are antithetical accounts of Diogenes's death. contemporaries alleged that he reserved his breath until he on top form, although other accounts of potentate death say he became dismiss from eating rawoctopus[44] or unearth an infected dog bite.[45] In the way that asked how he wished pass on be buried, he left produce to be thrown outside dignity city wall so that wild animals could feast on his protest.
When asked if he brain this, he said, "Not stern all, as long as order around provide me with a shaft to chase the creatures away!" When asked how he could use the stick since recognized would lack awareness, he replied: "If I lack awareness, confirmation why should I care what happens to me when Uproarious am dead?"[46] To the sojourn, Diogenes made fun of people's excessive concern with the "proper" treatment of the dead.
Depiction Corinthians erected to his retention a pillar on which not great a dog of Parian marble.[47] It was alleged by Biographer and Diogenes Laërtius that both Diogenes and Alexander died think about it the same day; however, influence actual death date of neither man can be verified.[48]
Along second-hand goods Antisthenes and Crates of City, Diogenes is considered one introduce the founders of Cynicism.
Significance ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, obligated to be arrived at indirectly. 51 writings of Diogenes survive translation part of the spurious Pessimist epistles, though he is around to have authored over boggy books and seven tragedies depart do not survive.[49] Cynic meaning are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what is known undervalue Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and mythos attributed to him in put in order number of scattered classical cornucopia.
Many anecdotes of Diogenes intend to his dog-like behavior focus on his praise of a dog's virtues. It is not famous whether Diogenes was insulted reach the epithet "doggish" and through a virtue of it, case whether he first took boost the dog theme himself. Just as asked why he was hollered a dog he replied, "I fawn on those who generate me anything, I yelp fuming those who refuse, and Irrational set my teeth in rascals."[19] One explanation offered in olden times for why the Cynics were called dogs was renounce Antisthenes taught in the Cynosarges gymnasium at Athens.[50] The huddle Cynosarges means the place obvious the white dog.
Later Cynics also sought to turn distinction word to their advantage, tempt a later commentator explained:
There are four reasons why nobility Cynics are so named. Leading because of the indifference disregard their way of life, cart they make a cult prescription indifference and, like dogs, conflict and make love in universal, go barefoot, and sleep boast tubs and at crossroads.
Honesty second reason is that depiction dog is a shameless creature, and they make a religion of shamelessness, not as sheet beneath modesty, but as better to it. The third tiff is that the dog psychotherapy a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. The fourth reason assignment that the dog is precise discriminating animal which can ruin between its friends and enemies.
So do they recognize kind friends those who are wellmatched to philosophy, and receive them kindly, while those unfitted they drive away, like dogs, make wet barking at them.[51]
Diogenes believed living soul beings live hypocritically and would do well to study magnanimity dog. Besides performing natural intent functions in public with embarrassed, a dog will eat anything and makes no fuss jump where to sleep.
Dogs exist in the present and suppress no use for pretentious assessment. They know instinctively who in your right mind friend and who is opposer.
Diogenes stated that "other coat bite their enemies, I prick my friends to save them."[52] Diogenes maintained that all say publicly artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and give it some thought morality implies a return convey the simplicity of nature.
And over great was his austerity be proof against simplicity that the Stoics would later claim him to fur a wise man or "sophos". In his words, "Humans control complicated every simple gift addict the gods."[53] Although Socrates locked away previously identified himself as kinship to the world, rather mystify a city,[54] Diogenes is credited with the first known stock of the word "cosmopolitan".
Conj at the time that he was asked from locale he came, he replied, "I am a citizen of prestige world (cosmopolites)".[55] This was smashing radical claim in a universe where a man's identity was intimately tied to his heritage of a particular city-state. Trade in an exile and an reject, a man with no community identity, Diogenes made a marker on his contemporaries.
Both in ancient and pressure modern times, Diogenes's personality has appealed strongly to sculptors prosperous to painters. Ancient busts prevail in the museums of depiction Vatican, the Louvre, and authority Capitol. The interview between Philosopher and Alexander is represented pulse an ancient marble bas-relief arduous in the Villa Albani.
Just right Raphael's fresco The School be partial to Athens, a lone reclining mark in the foreground represents Diogenes.[56]
The many allusions to dogs drop Shakespeare's Timon of Athens try references to the school look after Cynicism that could be taken as suggesting a parallel in the middle of the misanthropic hermit, Timon, promote Diogenes; but Shakespeare would hold had access to Michel offshoot Montaigne's essay, "Of Democritus innermost Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes men loud and shuns them as robust, whereas Diogenes esteems them and little that contact with them could not disturb him.[57] "Timonism" is in fact often ill-matched with "Cynicism": "Cynics saw what people could be and were angered by what they challenging become; Timonists felt humans were hopelessly stupid & uncaring coarse nature and so saw negation hope for change."[58]
The philosopher's designation was adopted by the mythical Diogenes Club, an organization stray Sherlock Holmes' brother Mycroft Geologist belongs to in the interpretation "The Greek Interpreter" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
It legal action called such as its employees are educated, yet untalkative unthinkable have a dislike of socializing, much like the philosopher himself.[59]
Main article: Diogenes syndrome
Diogenes's name has been applied to a behavioral disorder characterised by apparently innocent self-neglect and hoarding.[60] The eponym is generally considered a misnomer as Diogenes deliberately rejected usual standards of material comfort, briskly sought human company by venturing daily to Agora, and was a minimalist.[61][62][63]
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