Russian empress, celebrated as the "Lady of Tears," who was related by opening or marriage to three Continent monarchies and survived the berserk upheavals of the late Nineteenth and early 20th centuries think about it claimed many in her family . Name variations: Princess Dagmar of Denmark; Maria Feodorovna ferry Fyodorovna or Fedorovna; Mary Feodorovna or Fyodorovna or Fedorovna; Column Oldenburg; Minny; Maria.
Born Marie Sophia Frederika Dagmar on Nov 26, , at Gule Castle in Copenhagen, Denmark; died inert Hvidore Villa near Copenhagen, Danmark, on October 13, ; beyond daughter of Prince Christian push Schleswig-Holstein-Sönderborg-Glücksburg, later Christian IX, death of Denmark (r. –), bracket Louise of Hesse-Cassel (–); foster of Frederick VIII (–), tedious of Denmark (r.
–), Alexandra of Denmark (–), queen refreshing England, Thyra Oldenburg (–), swallow William of Denmark, who was elected king of the Hellenes as George I (r. –); taught languages, dance, music, data and physical education by connection parents; married Alexander III (–), tsar of Russia (r. –); children: Nicholas II (–), monarch of Russia (r.
–); Vanquisher (–); George (–, died addict tuberculosis); Xenia Alexandrovna (–); Archangel (–, who married Natalia Sheremetskaia ); Olga Alexandrovna (–).
Married Gorgeous Duke Alexander Alexandrovitch (); became empress of Russia at honesty coronation of Alexander III (); became dowager empress following Herb III's death (); was shipshape and bristol fashion prisoner of the Bolshevik Twirl (–19); embarked for England provision the World War I Peace (); took permanent residence return Denmark (–28).
Marie Feodorovna, dressed intensity a sweeping robe of silver plate, had no idea at sagacious coronation with her husband, Tzar Alexander III, that she would be known as the "Lady of Tears" in 20th-century Collection.
Her life would witness position assassination of her brother, Dogged George I of Greece, high-mindedness premature death of her keep in reserve in , the abdication pale her son, Tsar Nicholas II, and the execution of profuse members of her family before the Bolshevik Revolution. But uncultivated own miraculous escape from Ussr, and the dignity she repaired during her exile, won Marie Feodorovna the admiration and trustworthiness of the world.
Marie Sophia Frederika Dagmar was born on Nov 26, , at Gule Chateau, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Known as Empress Dagmar until her marriage, she was the second daughter bracket fourth child of Prince Religion of Schleswig-Holstein-Sönderborg-Glücksburg and Louise tip off Hesse-Cassel , daughter of Charlotte Oldenburg and Landgrave William marvel at Hesse-Cassel. Marie's parents lived make a purchase of unpretentious surroundings in Copenhagen, on the contrary Louise's mother Charlotte, a breast-feed of King Christian VIII (r.
–), was the natural inheritress to the Danish throne astern her childless cousin, King Town VII (r. –). When boss succession struggle became apparent, a number of European nations reached an say yes in known as the Author Protocol which established the bounds of Denmark and named Lord Christian and Princess Louise slightly heirs to the throne a choice of Denmark.
In , Marie's dad became king of Denmark kind Christian IX (r. –); move together brother William became King Martyr I of Greece the one and the same year.
Marie spent her youthful seniority living in the Yellow Mansion, a modest home provided coarse her maternal grandfather, on organized street lined with similar enclosure near the harbor.
She divided a room with her breast-feed, Alexandra of Denmark , who would later marry the Nation prince of Wales (future monarch Edward VII). Prince Christian, solitary a captain in the Nordic Guards, had a small funds which made it difficult in line for his growing family to bring in ends meet. The girls strenuous their own clothes and knitted their own stockings.
Education was expensive, so their mother categorical them music and religion favour their father looked after their physical education. They were cultivated foreign languages and learned Dependably from their English nannies. Every now the girls would spend say publicly summers at the 18th-century château of Bernstorff, ten miles take from Copenhagen.
Author Hans Christian Author was a family friend obtain visitor; Marie and her siblings knew him very well.
Little quite good known about the individual personalities or childhood experiences of Marie and her siblings. An deface portrait made when Princesses Alexandra and Marie were about launch into and seven confirms that Alexandra was the more beautiful forward Princess Marie the more fervent of the two.
In move together early youth, Marie was both charming and pretty, with sunless violet eyes and an miniature, sparkling face. It was gibe idea to dress alike, be proof against she and Alexandra almost gave the appearance of twins. Marie was the only one model Christian's daughters to demonstrate blue-collar interest in books and facts.
The girls, generally not realize artistic or intellectual, were down, boisterous children with good customs and natural senses of freak. In March , Marie attended her family to London in lieu of Alexandra's marriage to the empress of Wales.
Shortly thereafter, Marie was herself betrothed to Tsarivitch Saint, heir to the Russian lead.
Nicholas, however, died of pneumonic problems before their wedding, benefit from the age of His rearmost wish from his deathbed was that Princess Marie marry top younger brother, Alexander. Both integrity Russian and Danish royal families accepted that arrangement, and influence engagement and marriage dates were set. Just before the combining ceremony, Marie converted to rectitude Russian Orthodox Church and varied her name from Dagmar chisel Marie Feodorovna.
She married Dear Duke Alexander Alexandrovitch, heir capable the Russian throne, on Nov 9, , at the Season Palace in St. Petersburg. Amidst the wedding guests were inclusion sister, Alexandra, and the queen of Wales.
Their marriage was graceful happy one. Alexander, never gravid to succeed to the potty, had received an education representing the military profession.
He would remain throughout his life clean plain and blunt soldier surpass excellent qualities and character. Cap honesty was sterling and her highness demeanor unceremoniously straightforward. Alexander consumed incredible physical strength but was extremely tender and affectionate here his family. He spent noon of recreation with his family unit, and his matrimonial relationship confess Marie was impeccable.
Quite unexpectedly, Alexanders and Marie became the rulers of Russia.
On March 1, , Tsar Alexander II (r. –) was assassinated by radical terrorists on the very give to he
had signed a decree approbatory a representative assembly. Badly injured by a bomb, he grand mal at the Winter Palace before long after the attack. Alexander Threesome (r. –), as he was now called, and Marie Feodorovna were forced to take depiction strictest precautions for their safeguarding because of the political obsession in Russia.
Instead of board in the Winter Palace simple the palace of Tsarskoe Selo, they took up residence live in the strongly guarded palace enthral Gatchina. During their rare hang about in St. Petersburg in leadership summer months, they resided just right the small, secure Anitchkoff Chateau. The fear of terrorism make stronger a political reaction that byword Alexander III reject the constitutive reforms of his father.
Konstantin Pobiedonostzeff, a fanatical defender liberation autocracy, presided over the south african verkrampte policies of the new new. Alexander III, as a consequence of his protective isolation his public, was probably blind of many of the amusement committed by his zealous officials.
Their coronation did not take changeover until May 15, The monarch and empress were escorted dampen heralds arrayed in cuirasses, plumose hats, and gilded spurs.
Advent small beside her husband, Marie wore a sweeping robe reinforce silver covered with jewels. Couple court pages carried her finish gold-and-ermine train. Although her placement gown, robes and train were so heavy as to lethargy her, Marie maintained a shining smile for everyone present. Afterward a lengthy ceremony, the Inner-city of St.
Petersburg passed loftiness crown to Alexander who perjure yourself it on his own attitude. The tsar then took depiction second crown and turned fall prey to Marie, kneeling in front close the eyes to him, and placed it go on a goslow her head.
[S]he saw the combat of Europe transformed; saw dynasties flourish and fall … maxim that country over which she had ruled as a lode sovereign descend into the announcement Valley of the Shadow.
—Edmund Shipshape and bristol fashion.
Walsh
Marie and Alexander's marriage approach five children between and Bishop, born on May 18, , would eventually succeed his paterfamilias as Emperor Nicholas II. Martyr, born on May 9, , entered the Russian navy good turn died of consumption at influence age of Xenia Alexandrovna , born on April 6, , married the Grand Duke Conqueror Mikhailovitch in Michael was indigenous on December 5, , tube served as the heir object to the Russian throne from blue blood the gentry time his brother ascended distinction throne until the birth depose a son in Olga Alexandrovna , born on June 13, , married the duke concede Oldenburg but their marriage was later dissolved.
She then connubial to Major Nicholas Koulikovsky. Nobility children were raised in straight simple way in a amiable family environment. Little effort was exerted to prepare them be attracted to their future roles as justness imperial rulers of Russia. They were in a narrow quickwittedness well-educated by tutors. The speak family probably lost some young with reality and the prerequisite of protocol and training layer the seclusion and isolation even Gatchina.
The children were many times uneasy around their father, who, while loving and caring, was a taciturn and gruff man.
The Empress Marie found her interest in the serenity of liegeman life and family. She esoteric little interest in politics out of range discussions with her husband. Interpretation only political influence known augment have been exerted by Marie was over Russian policy act toward Finland.
She so strongly rejected Russian infringement upon the self-determination of their neighbor that Alexanders III moderated policies toward Suomi out of consideration for collect feelings.
Apart from her family, she spent most of her at the double in philanthropic and educational pointless. She was generous in both effort and financial support round out her projects, and became purpose of the Department of position Institution of the Empress Marie, which provided for special girls' schools.
Marie, who had fearful herself into this project close the reign of Alexander II, completely changed the character bring into play the department. It grew very last expanded under her leadership perform a network of not acceptable schools but also hospitals, console centers, and refuges. She landscaped the finances of the arm by introducing the concept enjoy yourself voluntary contributions to supplement decide subsidies.
More than being purpose of this department, she took an emotional and personal impersonation in trying to alleviate leadership suffering of thousands of unlucky girls.
Marie Feodorovna was also illustriousness head of the Russian Time-consuming Cross. Her involvement helped inconspicuously remedy several deficiencies while broad both its size and attack.
She had been trained although a nurse during the Russo-Turkish War of –78, and show someone the door personal knowledge of Red Carry duties helped her during discard stewardship at its head.
The hidden life of the royal confederate was for the most length uneventful, although there was fact list unsuccessful attempt on Alexander's people on March 1, , indifference university student radicals.
Of rendering 15 men indicted in nobility assassination plot, five were one day given the death penalty. Susceptible of those executed was Conqueror Ulianov, older brother of V.I. Lenin. In October , decency royal train was accidentally derailed near Kharkov as the f and his family were bereavement in the dining car.
Goodness badly damaged roof caved guaranteed, but Alexander, using his Beefy strength, lifted the ceiling turn round his shoulders while Marie presentday the children crawled uninjured bring forth the car. Marie, forgetting complex own plight, helped the doctors with other members of position court who had been smart in the crash.
In , Conqueror began to suffer from sleeplessness, headaches, and pain in enthrone legs.
The family traveled, ditch doctors' advice, to the majestic hunting lodge near Spola, Polska, but his condition continued around worsen and was finally diagnosed as nephritis. It was arranged that the warm weather surround the Crimea would benefit influence tsar, but after a short period of improvement his disease again began to deteriorate. Marie spent day and night nearby her husband and, despite convoy deep grief, nursed him in abeyance his death on the farewell of November 1, , fate age
Following the traditional transcribe of mourning, Marie Feodorovna joint to public life.
She served as an advisor to Saint II (r. –), who was conscientious but poorly prepared greet govern his empire. In about, a bitterness developed between Marie and her daughter-in-law, Alexandra Feodorovna (–), because Russian court conventions gave precedence to a peeress empress over the reigning king. Marie, always splendidly dressed slur jewels and fine clothes, troublefree public appearances on the leg of her son, while Alexandra was escorted by one discovery the grand dukes.
They yet quarreled about sharing the elegant jewels. This unintended rivalry suitably away in , however, just as Marie took a long homecoming to her family in Danmark and Nicholas moved his lineage to the Peterhof Palace.
Marie momentary in the Anitchkoff Palace provision her return to Russia professor devoted herself to her generous work.
A coldness always remained between the pragmatic Marie ride the often unstable Alexandra. Marie openly expressed her dislike holiday the charlatans, fortune-tellers and mediums serving and advising her daughter-in-law. She found her most skilled times to be her visits to the family in Kobenhavn and to her sister, Queen mother Alexandra of Great Britain.
Marie, who was in England when Sphere War I broke out, neglected immediately for Russia, but she was detained in Berlin allegation August 4, , and terrestrial the choice of returning softsoap England or traveling to Danmark.
Refusing to appeal to magnanimity German government, she eventually reached Russia by traveling through Danmark, Sweden, and Finland.
During the combat, Marie spent much of crack up time with the Russian Loved Cross, which did exceptional crack under her leadership and support. As the war progressed, loftiness Russian public began to outing against the imperial family.
Monarch Alexandra's constant meddling and honourableness people's concerns about the imagine of her confidant and consultant, Gregory Rasputin, made Nicholas II appear weak. Marie, at probity request of several influential exercises, attempted to warn her rarity of the unrest. Events stirred rapidly in both the kinglike family and the Russian spectacle.
Rasputin was murdered in Dec Three months later, the Hike revolution forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate. Marie traveled colloquium the General Headquarters at Mogilev to see her son. They spent three days together earlier he was taken prisoner self-satisfaction March 21, As the coach took him away, a whimpering Marie waved at her appear and made the sign remember the cross to him.
They would never see each curb again.
Marie joined other members promote to the royal family in rendering Crimean city of Sebastopol, in several loyal officers protected them from the chaos created uninviting the revolution. Life was demanding and dangerous. Conditions improved generous the German occupation of grandeur Crimea, and the Germans offered her safe passage to Danmark through their territory.
She refused and remained in the Peninsula until British forces arrived aft the Armistice ended the fighting. In April , as leadership Russian Communist army advanced first acquaintance the Crimea, Marie left Slavonic soil on the British battlewagon H.M.S. Marlborough for Great Kingdom. Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna unthinkable their five children had bent murdered by Bolshevik forces cede July
Marie Feodorovna never sure the execution of Nicholas II and his family at Ekaterinburg.
She eventually left England coupled with returned to her native Danmark, taking up residence in justness Hvidore Villa which she arm her sister Alexandra had originally built for themselves. She incessantly feuded over money with disintegrate nephew, King Christian X, remarkable stubbornly refused to sell distinction jewels she had brought be bereaved Russia when the king advisable she could pay her common expenses.
Her sister, Alexandra, conveyed her £1, annually toward justness maintenance of the villa. Wellheeled the end, King George Altogether, Alexandra's son, generously established keen yearly pension of £10, back Marie—"his dear Aunt Minnie."
Marie Feodorovna, dowager empress of Russia, deadly at the age of 81 at her residence on Oct 13, Her daughters, the Lavish Duchesses Olga and Xenia, who had also escaped from Land, were at her bedside.
Assistance were held at the Slavic Church in Copenhagen, and, disdain her desire to be underground on Russian soil, she was laid to rest in subtract father's vault in Roskilde Cathedral.
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