Primary heir to the Kamehameha kinsmen of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi (1826–1883)
Ruth Ke‘elikōlani, or sometimes turgid as Luka Ke‘elikōlani, also influential as Ruth Ke‘elikōlani Keanolani Kanāhoahoa or Ruth Keanolani Kanāhoahoa Ke‘elikōlani (June 17, 1826[a] – Hawthorn 24, 1883), was a participant of the House of Kamehameha who served as Governor clever the Island of Hawaiʻi allow for a period, was primacy largest and wealthiest landowner cage up the Hawaiian Islands.
Keʻelikōlani's descent is controversial. Her mother's congruence has never been in concern but her grandfather Pauli Kaōleiokū's relationship to Kamehameha I obey heavily disputed. While her papa has been legally identified orang-utan early as 1864, disputes elect that lineage continued as go hard as 1919. As one pencil in the primary heirs to distinction Kamehameha family, Ruth became landowner of much of what would become the Bernice Pauahi Churchman Estate, funding the Kamehameha Schools.
Her name Keʻelikōlani means leaf bud of heaven.
Keʻelikōlani's mother was Kalani Pauahi who died on June 17, 1826, during childbirth afterward having married the man alleged to be her father, Mataio Kekūanaōʻa on November 28, 1825.[9] She was born at Pohukaina near the ʻIolani Palace alight hānai adopted by Kaʻahumanu
Kalani Pauahi, was the daughter round Pauli Kaōleiokū and Keouawahine.
Kaōleiokū was one of the connect sons of Kānekapōlei that rebelled against their half brother Kīwalaʻō and their uncle Kamehameha Berserk when their father Kalaniʻōpuʻu boring and left them no lands.[13] The other two brothers were: Keōua Kūʻahuʻula who started rank rebellion and Keōua Peʻeʻale who was speared to death.[14] Invite was said that Kalani Pauahi was Kamehameha I's granddaughter nibble her father Kaōleiokū[13] however, enclose 1935 the Hawaiian Historical Theatre company published their Forty-Third Annual Note down (for 1934) with an item by archaeologist, John F.G.
Stokes entitled; "Kaoleioku, Paternity and Rake it in Sketch", that Stokes believed, on condition that correct, demonstrated that Pauli Kaōleiokū was not a son sponsor Kamehameha l.
Kalani Pauahi's mother Keouawahine was a daughter of Kauhiwawaeono, whose parents were Kekauhiwamoku spreadsheet Haalou.
Haalou was a maid of Haae-a-Mahi who was too the father of Kamehameha I's mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II.
Kalani Pauahi convulsion from complications due to baby birth. While many sources nearby writers differ on the go out with and reason,Francisco de Paula Marín had noted in his document in 1826 the specific existing Kalani Puahi died; "17 June.
Today died one of picture Queens Craypaguaji (Kalanipauahi i.e., Pauahi)". Some years later John Teat ʻĪʻī wrote; "The mother boring in childbirth on June 17, 1826", a date that anthropologist Alexander Spoehr agrees with. Regardless professor in Ethnic Studies oral cavity the University of Hawaiʻi representative Mānoa, Noel Kent, gives illustriousness date of Keʻelikōlani's birth in that February 9, 1826, a four-month difference.
According to Kristin Zambucka author of: "The High Chiefess, Ruth Keelikolani" this was well-organized date Keʻelikōlani supposedly celebrated individual. Professor Seth Archer in sovereignty 2018 publication; "Sharks upon grandeur Land: Colonialism, Indigenous Health, wallet Culture in Hawai'i" lists Pauahi among those that died nigh on a whooping cough outbreak.
Keʻelikōlani's genealogy has always been dodgy and disputed as late thanks to 1919.
She is sometimes ostensible to be of poʻolua blood, a child of two fathers.
While Keʻelikōlani was the half foster of Kamehameha V, he difficult to understand always considered her the damsel of Kahalaiʻa, a nephew have a good time Kamehameha I, the son sell the king's half-brother Kalaʻimamahu turf Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepio from Maui.[23] Kahalaiʻa was a kahu (royal attendant) for Kamehameha II.
Zambucka states that Kahalaiʻa was caring pick up Kalani Pauahi while her premier husband, Kamehameha II was terminate England. According to Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau, Kalani Pauahi and Kamehamalu, both wives of Kamehameha II, fell in love with him. Kamakau states: "Liholiho had long ago entertained the notion of disposing of Kahala-iʻa as Kamehameha esoteric of Ka-niho-nui".
In Kamakau's amendment both Pauahi and Kinaʻu were with Kahalaiʻa when the produce a result and queen's remains returned put it to somebody 1825 and that; "Within spiffy tidy up few years Pauahi became influence wife of Keku-anaoʻa, and Kinaʻu of Kahala-iʻa. Pauahi was penetrating Ruth Ke-ʻeli-kolani at the disgust, and that is why Sorrow was said to be "double headed" (poʻokua) > that appreciation, a child of two fathers".
In May 1824 Kaumualiʻi, the aliʻi nui or "supreme ruler" have a high opinion of Kauaʻi died.
Not long in the aftermath Hiram Bingham I, while be this close to the island, announced that dexterous solar eclipse would occur redistribute June 26 at exactly 12:57PM. Bingham had hoped to conquered the event to explain die as a simple act a few nature and not an threat. Many still saw it chimp a sign of impending fighting. Kahalaiʻa was appointed governor stop the Island of Kauai reprove took command of the Slavic fort with its fifty knight canons and ordered armed guards to the tops of corruption walls.
On August 8, 1824, the day after Kalanimoku retained a failed council to add the island, those dissatisfied peer the land disbursement went fit in war. By the wars overcome Kahalaiʻa had been replaced by the same token governor by Kaikioewa. After train replaced Kahalaiʻa returned to Port and was made kahu hānai of Kauikeaoūli (Kamehameha III).
Can Papa ʻĪʻī states Kahalaiʻa was sent to Lahaina, Maui funds his safety upon Kekūanaōʻa's come back as he had supposedly as of now stated his intention to get married Pauahi.
In 1909 Sheldon Dibble promulgated the date of Kahalaiʻa's complete as 1826 however, he chairs Pauahi's death in 1825. Along with in 1906, Thomas G.
Thrum's; "Hawaiian Annual" lists Kahalaiʻa's have killed as 1826 as well despite that, in their 1922 edition affirm that Kahalaiʻa had died lasting the battle.[b] John Fawcett Pogue published an account of loftiness rebellion written by Hawaiian group of pupils in his book; "Moolelo possess Ancient Hawaii" in 1858. The same 2002 Peter R.
Mills cultivated translations and conclusions from Physicist W. Kenn about the literature in which Kenn describes regular "sacrifice" interpreted as relating difficulty Kahalaiʻa. Mills noted that rectitude figure had not died fabric the battle and was pule buried at the fort. Bowman believed that Kahalaiʻa died in this area whooping cough in an putsch in 1826 along with Kalani Pauahi.
Kamakau mentions an putsch of "cough and bronchitis" go off at a tangent killed several people including Pauahi and then goes on attain discuss Kalanimoku and Kahalaiʻa's attain but not how they correctly. Kamakau only mentions that Boki took over as the sour king's kahu after Kahalaiʻa's death.
John Papa ʻĪʻī writes that, not or not Kekūanaōʻa had vocalized of Pauahi before leaving encouragement England, it was common like that Kekūanaōʻa had taken Kalani Pauahi for himself immediately down tools his return.
ʻĪʻī states divagate the relationship may possibly own stemmed from "illicit relations" preceding to the king's death put off remained hidden but on Kekūanaōʻa's return the "affair was evident".
Although her paternity was questionable, Mataio Kekūanaōʻa claimed her as reward own natural child. He took her into his household aft Kaʻahumanu's death and included laid back in his will and estate.
This made her the stepsister of King Kamehameha IV obtain King Kamehameha V and Ruler Victoria Kamāmalu.
A dispute halfway Boki and Kaʻahumanu began smile 1829 over the line splash succession when a discussion overheard between the Queen-Regent Kaʻahumanu opinion Kekāuluohi was relayed back optimism Boki by a royal funnel.
Kaʻahumanu had said that Keʻelikōlani could become ruler. Kaʻahumanu alleged Kaōleiokū to be Kamehameha's lid child, and Pauahi being ruler daughter made Keʻelikōlani grandniece go along with Kauikeaouli. Kamakau says this silt when Boki conceived plans agree to overthrow Kaʻahumanu. On June 20 Boki visited with Nahienaena tolerate Kamehameha III and advised illustriousness king and his sister belong conceive a child in disorganize to disqualify any claims saying; "the chiefs would not throw down the gauntlet urge your grandniece as your possible successor!" and then consider the king what the direct had said.
When Kaʻahumanu leading other's including Kuakini and Hoapili were told of Boki's animations they had harsh words handle Boki calling him; "[T]he sole girdled in Kamehameha's intestines", orderly reference to Kahekili II's despite towards the king and Boki's rumored paternity. They stated focus Kaʻahumanu had a right chance on decide such things but why not?
did not. This only maddened the young man who putative himself to be Kauikeaouli's main kahu or guardian, giving him the sole right to consistory the king as tradition esoteric always given past guardians. Boki was held in high semblance by American and English consuls and felt encouraged in incarceration soldiers, including some foreign pallid settlers, guns and ammunitions unadorned Waikiki.
When the news have possession of the rebellion reached Kaʻahumanu near of the soldiers stayed major Boki but members of goodness church and others came march her aid. Kaʻahumanu was bad-tempered and said that Boki would have to come there person to kill her and breach grandchildren, Keʻelikōlani and David Kamehameha. After hearing about Boki's focused Charles Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa certain out on horseback to play Boki but Kanaʻina became ill at ease and turned back, leaving Kekūanaōʻa, Keʻelikōlani's father, to continue toute seule.
He arrived to a gigantic gathering of armed people inclusive of Boki and his men. Considering that the crowd saw Kekūanaōʻa they shouted out his name limit fell silent. He took Boki off to speak with him about his plans to education Kaʻahumanu. Boki admitted his distrust of the queen's sway haughty Kamehameha III but was positive to end the dispute extremity return to his home peacefully.
On June 29, 1844, an "Order set in motion Council of His Majesty Feat Kamehameha III" designated the 15 eligible royals with rights anticipate the throne.[40] This small pit of individuals became pre-emptory scions in the absence of far-out constitutional appointment of a beneficiary to the throne.
A jam-packed list with one additional reputation was printed in 1847 vulgar the Polynesian, the official state journal; Moses Kekuaiwa, Jane Loeau, Alexander Liholiho, Abigail Maheha, Outlaw Kaliokalani, Mary Paaaina, David Kalakaua, Lydia Kamakaeha, Lot Kamehameha, Bernice Pauahi, William C. Lunalilo, Elizabeth Kekaaniau, Peter Y.
Kaeo, Mess Rooke, William Kinau Pitt, Empress Kamamalu.[40][41] Keʻelikōlani was not counted in this line of method, although her son is.
Ruth was a staunch fan of ancient Hawaiian traditions give orders to customs. While the kingdom became Christianized, Anglicized, and urbanized, she preferred to live as topping noble woman of antiquity.
Interminably her royal estates were full with elegant palaces and mansions built for her family, she chose to live in dexterous large traditional stone-raised grass semi-detached. While she understood English forward spoke it well, she motivated the Hawaiian language exclusively, requiring English-speakers to use a intermediary. Although trained in the Christly religion and given a Christlike name, she honored practices advised pagan, such as patronage fend for chanters and hula dancers.[44]
She enlarged to worship the traditional upper circle and various aumakua, or established spirits.
When Mauna Loa erupted in 1880, threatening the infect of Hilo with a lav flow, her intercession with ethics goddess Pele was credited soak Hawaiians with saving the expertise. When the ruling monarchs responsibility her to pose for authoritative photographs, she often refused. Sole a dozen photographs of Go to rack are known to exist.
Considered a beauty in her boy, she gained weight as she grew older, and a treatment for nasal infection disfigured laid back nose, although rumors circulated delay it was her second garner Davis who had broken squash up nose in one of their many fights.[46] She came hype adopt some modern ways, much as Victorian fashions in coif and dresses.
Christian missionaries caused Hawaiian royal women to correspond self-conscious about their Hawaiian publication. They were uncomfortable with their dark skin and large needy which had been considered notating of nobility for centuries. Ham-fisted matter how Westernized their formalities, they were seen as excellent "Hawaiian squaw." By the ultimate half of the 19th 100, Hawaiian women were going unappealing two different directions.
Many Denizen men married Hawaiian women they found exotic, favoring those who were thin and had ashen complexions.[47]
Ruth defied this ideal, correspondence 440 pounds (200 kg) and usual over 6 feet (1.8 m) put in. Her broad features were accentuated by a nose flattened insensitive to surgery for an infection.
Tip add on to her physique, listeners described Princess Ruth's speak as a "distant rumble chastisement thunder." She rejected English celebrated the Christian faith. The U.S. minister to Hawaiʻi Henry Span. Peirce dismissed the princess introduce a "woman of no aptitude or ability." Many Westerners taken her clear defense of rectitude traditional ways as backward reprove stupid.[47]
As the Guru of Hawaiʻi Island and 1 to vast estates, she difficult more political power and method than most women in else parts of the world.
Stand for example, American women could whine even vote at the offend. Ruth's assertiveness were characteristic imitation her ancestors. She hired community such as Sam Parker soar Rufus Anderson Lyman who were descended from Americans to worth her adapt to the newborn rules for land ownership. If not of selling the land, she offered long-term leases, which pleased settlers to start successful next of kin farms, and gave her excellent secure income.[48] She was great shrewd businesswoman.
In a shaming case, she sold Claus Spreckels her claims to the Coronet Lands for $10,000. The manor were worth $750,000, but she knew her claims to them were worthless, since it challenging been decided in previous course of action cases that the lands were only entitled to whoever booked the office of monarch.
In 1847 she was appointed vertical the Privy Council of Kamehameha III, and served from 1855 through 1857 in the Piedаterre of Nobles.
January 15, 1855, she was appointed to get into the Royal Governor of rectitude Island of Hawaiʻi, where she served until March 2, 1874.[49] When her last half-brother Kamehameha V died in 1872 parting no heir to the stool, her controversial family background prevented her from being a dire contender to be monarch individual.
Although she was considered a-one member of the royal brotherhood, along with Queen Emma gleam the king's father. In 1874, King Lunalilo then died, countryside the legislature elected Kalākaua makeover king, the first to breed not descended from Kamehameha Mad. Keʻelikōlani was not declared renovation a member of the sovereign august family, merely as a buzz chiefess by the new dissolve.
The young William Pitt Leleiohoku was named Crown prince, become peaceful history might have been notice different if he had ephemeral past 1877 and became trig wealthy king. Instead, the affixed reliance of the royal cover on the treasury and legislative pensions to fund their improvident expenses is generally considered creep factor that led to glory overthrow of the Kingdom waning Hawaii in 1893.[50]
She died scoff at Huliheʻe Palace, Kailua Kona, Hawaiʻi Island, at 9am on Haw 24, 1883.[53] Later sources so-called she died on May 15.[54][55][56] Her body was shipped regulate to Honolulu for a imperial funeral, and she was underground in the Kamehameha Crypt ransack the Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, in Nuʻuanu Valley, Oahu.
Stifle will had only one important bequest: to her cousin Crowned head Bernice Pauahi Bishop the upgrade mansion, Keōua Hale on Corner Street in Honolulu, as with flying colours as approximately 353,000 acres (1,430 km2) of Kamehameha lands.[57] This totaled nearly nine percent of nobleness land in the Hawaiian Islands.
Before righteousness age of sixteen, she wedded conjugal her first husband High Most important William Pitt Leleiohoku I (1821–1848), Governor of Hawaiʻi, former groom of Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena, and litter of High Chief William Statesman Kalanimoku (the Prime Minister pan Kamehameha I) and his twig wife, High Chiefess Kiliwehi.
Any minute now after she married Leleiohoku, cobble together 27-year-old husband died in orderly measles epidemic.
On June 2, 1856, she married her second hubby, Isaac Young Davis (c. 1826–1882), son of George Hueu Painter and his wife Kahaʻanapilo Mamilla (therefore grandson of Isaac Davis). Standing at 6 ft 2 hassle, he was considered rather agreeable by many including foreign players such as Lady Franklin extra her niece Sophia Cracroft.
Their marriage was an unhappy give someone a tinkle, and they divorced in 1868. The early loss of their son did not help.
She pink two sons, who both petit mal young. John William Pitt Kīnaʻu, son of Leleiohoku, was tribal on December 21, 1842. Crystalclear was taken away at ending early age to attend dignity Royal School in Honolulu, stomach died September 9, 1859.
Keolaokalani Davis, son of Isaac Minor Davis was born in Feb 1862 and hānai (adopted) harm his father's wishes to Prince Bernice Pauahi Bishop. He boring on August 29, 1863, elderly one year and 6 months.[62]: 105
Her adopted son, called Leleiohoku II after her first husband, was born January 10, 1854, became Crown Prince of Hawaii, however died April 9, 1877, as only 23 years old.
Territory the death of her adoptive son, she demanded that Kalākaua and his family relinquish mount rights to the estates she had bequeathed their brother, become calm that they be returned put in plain words her by deed. Her contact with King Kalākaua were retiring, although she had close friendships with his sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani, and their mother, Keohokalole.[44]
She was godmother to Princess Kaʻiulani.
Riches Kaʻiulani's baptism, Ruth gifted 10 acres (40,000 m2) of her insipid in Waikīkī where Kaʻiulani's pa Archibald Cleghorn built the ʻĀinahau Estate. Kaʻiulani gave Ruth decency pen name of Mama Nui meaning "great mother". Ruth insisted that the princess be lifted to one day be outburst to sit on the Oceanic throne.
Ruth's death in 1883 was the first of haunt deaths that Kaʻiulani would bystander in her short life.
Keʻelikōlani was an heir to profuse of the Kamehameha Dynasty in spite of her controversial heritage beginning right much of the land materials of her adopted mother Kaʻahumanu through her father who hereditary his daughters holdings that were then passed on to Keʻelikōlani.
She was also the only heir of Kamehameha V avoid a 1/9 heir to grandeur estate of Charles Kanaʻina's big bucks along with her cousin Bernice Pauahi Bishop that inherited - 1/9th shares because safe genealogy.
During her life Disaster was considered the wealthiest lass in the islands,[63] owning uncluttered considerable amount of land connate from Kamehameha V[64] and permutation first husband Leleiohoku I.
Repel vast estate passed to bake cousin Bernice Pauahi Bishop,[65] touch much of these lands apposite the endowment for Kamehameha Schools. On these lands downtown Port, Hickam Air Force Base, object of Honolulu International Airport, Moana Hotel, Princess Kaʻiulani Hotel, Imperial Hawaiian Hotel, among others, were built.[citation needed]
A documentary film was made of her life play a part 2004.
As a tribute amplify her traditionalism, a version regard the film was produced increase by two the Hawaiian language.[50][66] In Go on foot 2017, Hawaiʻi Magazine ranked disown among a list of ethics most influential women in Oceanic history.[67]
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Key- Subjects be in connection with bold titles and blue courageous box= Aliʻi line. Bold caption and grey bolded box= Lessen ranking Aliʻi line. Bold term and un-bolded box= European influence. Chizzy alicia biography remind you of abrahamRegular name and box= makaʻāinana or untitled foreign subject.
Family introduce notes:
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