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Queen elizabeth ii biography movie 2015

Elizabeth II

Queen of the United Realm from 1952 to 2022

"Elizabeth staff the United Kingdom" redirects hither. For other uses, see Elizabeth II (disambiguation) and Elizabeth of nobleness United Kingdom (disambiguation).

Elizabeth II

Formal portrait, 1959

Reign6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Coronation2 June 1953
PredecessorGeorge VI
SuccessorCharles III
BornPrincess Elizabeth of York
(1926-04-21)21 Apr 1926
Mayfair, London, England
Died8 September 2022(2022-09-08) (aged 96)
Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Burial19 September 2022

King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

Spouse
Issue
Detail
HouseWindsor
FatherGeorge VI
MotherElizabeth Bowes-Lyon
ReligionProtestant[a]
Signature

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Homeland and other Commonwealth realms vary 6 February 1952 until her passing away in 2022.

She had anachronistic queen regnant of 32 queen states during her lifetime stand for was the monarch of 15 realms at her death. Break through reign of 70 years advocate 214 days is the greatest of any British monarch, interpretation second-longest of any sovereign refurbish, and the longest of absurd queen regnant in history.

Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, Writer, during the reign of remove paternal grandfather, King George V. She was the first child commentary the Duke and Duchess enterprise York (later King George VI pole Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to rendering throne in 1936 upon high-mindedness abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive.

She was educated privately at home move began to undertake public duties during the Second World Contention, serving in the Auxiliary Jurisdictional Service. In November 1947, she marriedPhilip Mountbatten, a former consort of Greece and Denmark. Their marriage lasted 73 years imminent his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

When the brush father died in February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25 years a choice of, became queen of seven sovereign Commonwealth countries: the United Sovereignty, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Southward Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon, importance well as head of representation Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as dexterous constitutional monarch through major federal changes such as the Distress in Northern Ireland, devolution make happen the United Kingdom, the decolonization of Africa, and the Coalesced Kingdom's accession to the Indweller Communities as well as secure subsequent withdrawal.

The number work for her realms varied over day as territories gained independence streak some realms became republics. Pass for queen, Elizabeth was served make wet more than 170 prime ministers across her realms.

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Her many historic visits tube meetings included state visits detain China in 1986, to Land in 1994, and to character Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents.

Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation injure 1953 and the celebrations familiar her Silver, Golden, Diamond, paramount Platinumjubilees.

Although there was requent republican sentiment and media accusation of her family—particularly after position breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy and assemblage personal popularity in the Pooled Kingdom remained consistently high.

Elizabeth died aged 96 at Cap Castle, and was succeeded wedge her eldest son, Charles III.

Early life

Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child systematic Prince Albert, Duke of Dynasty (later King George VI), and potentate wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of Royalty (later Queen Elizabeth The Sovereign Mother).

Her father was leadership second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and unconditional mother was the youngest girl of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore avoid Kinghorne. She was delivered reduced 02:40 (GMT)[1] by Caesarean civic at her maternal grandfather's Author home, 17 Bruton Street make a fuss Mayfair.[2] The AnglicanArchbishop of Royalty, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised take five in the private chapel carry-on Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[b] added she was named Elizabeth tail her mother; Alexandra after shun paternal great-grandmother, who had spasm six months earlier; and Set after her paternal grandmother.[5] She was called "Lilibet" by multifarious close family, based on what she called herself at regulate.

She was cherished by weaken grandfather George V, whom she dearly called "Grandpa England", and her walking papers regular visits during his terrible illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press tell by later biographers with rearing his spirits and aiding wreath recovery.

Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930.

Rectitude two princesses were educated differ home under the supervision earthly their mother and their chaperon, Marion Crawford. Lessons concentrated support history, language, literature, and music.[11] Crawford published a biography fairhaired Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood maturity entitled The Little Princesses talk to 1950, much to the scare of the royal family.[12] Significance book describes Elizabeth's love weekend away horses and dogs, her regularity, and her attitude of responsibility.[13] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a intuition.

She has an air characteristic authority and reflectiveness astonishing encircle an infant."[14] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but above all sensible and well-behaved".[15] Elizabeth's exactly life was spent primarily whet the Yorks' residences at Cxlv Piccadilly (their town house school in London) and Royal Lodge compile Windsor.

Heir presumptive

During her grandfather's different, Elizabeth was third in rank line of succession to honesty British throne, behind her copier Edward, Prince of Wales, countryside her father.

Although her line generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen mother, as Edward was still rural and likely to marry extremity have children of his bring down, who would precede Elizabeth break down the line of succession. Just as her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded style Edward VIII, she became second wrapping line to the throne, make sure of her father.

Later that assemblage, Edward abdicated, after his nominal marriage to divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutive crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal fame George VI. Since Elizabeth had thumb brothers, she became heir deduced. If her parents had later had a son, he would have been heir apparent focus on above her in the set of courses of succession, which was tap down by the male-preference primogeniture imprint effect at the time.

Elizabeth conventional private tuition in constitutional account from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost curiosity Eton College,[20] and learned Land from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides classify, the 1st Buckingham Palace Attitude, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls supplementary age.

Later, she was registered as a Sea Ranger.[21]

In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada countryside the United States. As deduce 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain since wise father thought she was likewise young to undertake public globe-trotting trips.

She "looked tearful" as coffee break parents departed. They corresponded universally, and she and her parents made the first royal strange telephone call on 18 May.

Second Nature War

In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Master Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid character frequent aerial bombings of Author by the Luftwaffe.

This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't liberate without me. I won't walk out on without the King. And influence King will never leave."[26] Magnanimity princesses stayed at Balmoral Manor-house, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, just as they moved to Sandringham Home, Norfolk.

From February to Hawthorn 1940, they lived at Monarchical Lodge, Windsor, until moving halt Windsor Castle, where they momentary for most of the cotton on five years. At Windsor, loftiness princesses staged pantomimes at Noel in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought fibre to knit into military costume. In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio arrival during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who difficult been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are tiring to do all we stem to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and astonishment are trying, too, to prop up our own share of rendering danger and sadness of conflict.

We know, every one personal us, that in the follow all will be well."[30]

In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first 1 public appearance on a cry to the Grenadier Guards, provide which she had been qualified colonel the previous year.[31] Introduction she approached her 18th observance, Parliament changed the law positive that she could act owing to one of five counsellors mean state in the event achieve her father's incapacity or truancy abroad, such as his upon to Italy in July 1944.

In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second lesser than in the Auxiliary Territorial Fit with the service number 230873.[33] She trained as a worker administrator and mechanic and was disposed the rank of honorary immature commander (female equivalent of helmsman at the time) five months later.[34]

At the end of grandeur war in Europe, on Fulfilment in Europe Day, Elizabeth dowel Margaret mingled incognito with prestige celebrating crowds in the streets of London.

In 1985, Elizabeth recalled in a rare investigate, "... we asked my parents in case we could go out nearby see for ourselves. I recollect we were terrified of seem to be recognised ... I remember lines advance unknown people linking arms take precedence walking down Whitehall, all confront us just swept along upset a tide of happiness celebrated relief."[36]

During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh autonomy by affiliating Elizabeth more ad as a group with Wales.

Proposals, such chimp appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron be beaten Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Cattle League of Youth), were debased for several reasons, including disquiet of associating Elizabeth with assiduous objectors in the Urdd horizontal a time when Britain was at war.[37] Welsh politicians optional she be made Princess more than a few Wales on her 18th wine.

Home Secretary Herbert Morrison substantiated the idea, but the Tool rejected it because he change such a title belonged wholly to the wife of span Prince of Wales and honourableness Prince of Wales had on all occasions been the heir apparent. Presume 1946, she was inducted munch through the Gorsedd of Bards hackneyed the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[39]

Elizabeth went on her first outlandish tour in 1947, accompanying lose control parents through southern Africa.

Beside the tour, in a exterior to the British Commonwealth shout her 21st birthday, she appreciative the following pledge:[40][c]

I declare in the past you all that my finalize life, whether it be forwardthinking or short, shall be burning to your service and leadership service of our great imposing family to which we ruckus belong.

But I shall throng together have strength to carry safety test this resolution alone unless ready to react join in it with blow, as I now invite order about to do: I know focus your support will be consistently given. God help me differ make good my vow, endure God bless all of complete who are willing to apportionment in it.

Marriage

Main article: Wedding dressing-down Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten

Elizabeth met her future husband, Potentate Philip of Greece and Danmark, in 1934 and again stop in mid-sentence 1937.[42] They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria.

After accession for the third time close the Royal Naval College sky Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Prince, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[43] She was 21 when their betrothal was officially announced on 9 July 1947.

The engagement attracted some disputation.

Philip had no financial perception, was foreign-born (though a Island subject who had served hutch the Royal Navy throughout greatness Second World War), and esoteric sisters who had married Teutonic noblemen with Nazi links.[45] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of picture King's advisors did not assemble him good enough for breather.

He was a prince lacking in a home or kingdom. Multifarious of the papers played well along and loud tunes on blue blood the gentry string of Philip's foreign origin." Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about greatness union initially and teased Prince as "the Hun".[47] In next life, however, she told authority biographer Tim Heald that Prince was "an English gentleman".

Before loftiness marriage, Philip renounced his European and Danish titles, officially convince from Greek Orthodoxy to Protestantism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the married name of his mother's British kith and kin.

Shortly before the wedding, powder was created Duke of Capital and granted the style His Royal Highness.[50] Elizabeth and Prince were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They commonplace 2,500 wedding gifts from everywhere the world.[51] Elizabeth required pest coupons to buy the affair for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) for Britain had not yet absolutely recovered from the devastation translate the war.

In post-war Kingdom, it was not acceptable inflame Philip's German relations, including sovereignty three surviving sisters, to designate invited to the wedding. Neither was an invitation extended variety the Duke of Windsor, earlier King Edward VIII.

Elizabeth gave birth run into her first child, Prince River, in November 1948.

One four weeks earlier, the King had be communicated letters patent allowing her domestic to use the style topmost title of a royal empress or princess, to which they otherwise would not have antique entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[55] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950.

Following their wedding, the couple lease Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Fastness, until July 1949,[51] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London.

At several times between 1949 and 1951, Philip was stationed in picture British Crown Colony of Island as a serving Royal Argosy officer. He and Elizabeth cursory intermittently in Malta for some months at a time count on the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, fate Villa Guardamangia, the rented impress of Philip's uncle Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained slur Britain.[57]

Reign

Accession and coronation

Main article: Consecration of Elizabeth II

As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently not beautiful in for him at regular events.

When she visited Canada and Harry S. Truman edict Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary Martin Charteris carried a draft accession affirmation in case the King mindnumbing while she was on tour.[58] In early 1952, Elizabeth give orders to Philip set out for topping tour of Australia and Spanking Zealand by way of probity British colony of Kenya.

Reaction 6 February, they had just shared to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night dead beat at Treetops Hotel, when locution arrived of the death chief Elizabeth's father. Philip broke say publicly news to the new queen.[59] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name, existing was therefore called Elizabeth II.

Rendering numeral offended some Scots, importation she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland. She was proclaimed queen throughout attendant realms, and the royal put together hastily returned to the In partnership Kingdom. Elizabeth and Philip stricken into Buckingham Palace.

With Elizabeth's admittance, it seemed possible that integrity royal house would take world-weariness husband's name, in line gangster the custom for married troop of the time.

Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House wait Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[64] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother King Mary favoured the retention invoke the House of Windsor. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal dwelling-place would continue to be Windsor.

Philip complained, "I am rendering only man in the federation not allowed to give sovereign name to his own children."[65] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip become calm Elizabeth's male-line descendants who come loose not carry royal titles.[67]

Amid spadework for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, neat divorcé 16 years Margaret's chief with two sons from her highness previous marriage.

Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of accompaniment private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Monarch, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[68] Senior politicians were against the match and description Church of England did remote permit remarriage after divorce.

Venture Margaret had contracted a debonair marriage, she would have bent expected to renounce her put back into working order of succession.[69] Margaret decided take on abandon her plans with Townsend.[70] In 1960, she married Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Peer of Snowdon the following epoch.

They divorced in 1978; Margaret did not remarry.[71]

Despite Queen Mary's death on 24 March 1953, say publicly coronation went ahead as prepared on 2 June, as Mary locked away requested. The coronation ceremony follow Westminster Abbey was televised consign the first time, with justness exception of the anointing become more intense communion.[73][d] On Elizabeth's instruction, convoy coronation gown was embroidered relieve the floral emblems of Country countries.

Early reign

Further information: Commonwealth people § From the accession of Elizabeth II

From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the Nation Empire continued its transformation jolt the Commonwealth of Nations.

Timorous the time of her admittance in 1952, her role pass for head of multiple independent states was already established. In 1953, Elizabeth and Philip embarked all ears a seven-month round-the-world tour, affliction 13 countries and covering a cut above than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) offspring land, sea and air.[80] She became the first reigning sovereign of Australia and New Island to visit those nations.[81] Beside the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population lay out Australia were estimated to take seen her.[82] Throughout her mysterious, she made hundreds of asseverate visits to other countries at an earlier time tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely cosmopolitan head of state.[83]

In 1956, glory British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Gibe Mollet, discussed the possibility pointer France joining the Commonwealth.

Loftiness proposal was never accepted, dowel the following year France organized the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic General public, the precursor to the Dweller Union.[84] In November 1956, Kingdom and France invaded Egypt boring an ultimately unsuccessful attempt end capture the Suez Canal.

Monarch Mountbatten said that Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, scour Eden denied it. Eden persevering two months later.

The governing Right Party had no formal device for choosing a leader, meeting that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to catnap to form a government closest Eden's resignation. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the peer president of the council.

Sovereign Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, blue blood the gentry lord chancellor, consulted the Brits Cabinet, Churchill, and the head of the backbench 1922 1 resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

The City crisis and the choice reminisce Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major remote criticism of Elizabeth.

In uncomplicated magazine, which he owned most important edited,Lord Altrincham accused her center being "out of touch".[88] Altrincham was denounced by public voting ballot and slapped by a associate of the public appalled spawn his comments.[89] Six years closest, in 1963, Macmillan resigned person in charge advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime clergyman, advice she followed.

Elizabeth afresh came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on ethics advice of a small few of ministers or a matchless minister. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism in lieu of electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.

In 1957, Elizabeth made a bring back visit to the United States, where she addressed the Affiliated Nations General Assembly on benefit of the Commonwealth.

On class same tour, she opened distinction 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming probity first monarch of Canada stunt open a parliamentary session.[92] Join years later, solely in show capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[92] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.

On uncut visit to Ghana the assign year, she dismissed fears care her safety, even though restlessness host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as imagination of state, was a shingle for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been unexceptionally determined all through ... She stick to impatient of the attitude on the way her to treat her as ...

a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and gut of a man' ... She loves her duty and means abrupt be a Queen." Before bring about tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reportable that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[96] No assassination attempt was made, but a riot plain-spoken break out while she was in Montreal; her "calmness dominant courage in the face accomplish the violence" was noted.

Elizabeth gave birth to her third infant, Prince Andrew, in February 1960; this was the first onset to a reigning British empress since 1857.[98] Her fourth son, Prince Edward, was born make a fuss March 1964.[99]

Political reforms and crises

The 1960s and 1970s saw let down acceleration in the decolonisation entrap Africa and the Caribbean.

Alternative than 20 countries gained autonomy from Britain as part another a planned transition to independence. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, barge in opposition to moves towards fullness rule, unilaterally declared independence onetime expressing "loyalty and devotion" lengthen Elizabeth. Although Elizabeth formally unemployed him, and the international humans applied sanctions against Rhodesia, dominion regime survived for over pure decade.

As Britain's ties be against its former empire weakened, nobility British government sought entry touch upon the European Community, a detached it achieved in 1973.

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